Though most have experienced it in their lives, defining love is challenging. Few researchers have put forth viable theories on the concept of love. One exception is Sternberg's triangular theory of love, developed in the late 1980s by psychologist Robert Sternberg.
This theory suggests that people can have varying degrees of intimacy, passion, and commitment at any moment in time. Research has emerged to confirm the value of Sternberg's theory. For instance, a 2021 study offered empirical support for the universality of the triangular theory of love.
If you're interested in learning more about this feeling that's so hard to define, read on to learn the three components of love that Sternberg described. We also share the seven types of love, such as empty and fatuous love, and the components of each type.
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Sternberg’s 3 Components of Love
In Sternberg's theory, the concept of love is a triangle that is made up of three components. Some of these components are focused on the love between two people in a romantic or sexual relationship, but they also apply to other forms of interpersonal relationships.
The three components of love are:
- Intimacy, which involves feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness
- Passion, which involves feelings and desires that lead to physical attraction, romance, and sexual consummation
- Commitment, which involves feelings that lead a person to remain with someone and move toward shared goals
Finding a balance between the physiological need for sex and the need for love is essential, and the complete absence of all three components is categorized as non-love.
A love triangle is not the same thing as the triangular theory of love. In a love triangle, three people may either be involved in a polyamorous relationship or two people may compete for the love of a third person.
Sternberg's 7 Types of Love
The three components of love interact in a systemic manner.The presence of one component or a combination of two or more components creates seven kinds of love experiences.
These types of love may vary over the course of a relationship as well. For example, a relationship could begin as passionate love, progress into romantic love, and then eventually reach a state of companionate love.
Friendship
Components: Liking
This type of love is when the intimacy or liking component is present, but feelings of passion or commitment in the romantic sense are missing. Friendship love can be the root of other forms of love.
Infatuation
Components: Passion
Infatuation is characterized by feelings of lust and physical passion without liking and commitment. There has not been enough time for a deeper sense of intimacy, romantic love, or consummate love to develop. These may eventually arise after the infatuation phase. The initial infatuation is often very powerful.
This is the type that would most closely align with the idea of love at first sight, as it is characterized by an immediate and intense attraction to another person. This type of love includes passion, but it lacks the liking and commitment components of love.
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Empty Love
Components: Commitment
Empty love is characterized by commitment without passion or intimacy.At times, a strong love deteriorates into empty love. The reverse may occur as well.For instance, an arranged marriage may start empty but flourish into another form of love over time.
Romantic Love
Components: Intimacy and Passion
Romantic love bonds people emotionally through intimacy and physical passion.Partners in this type of relationship have deep conversations that help them know intimate details about each other. They enjoy sexual passion and affection. These couples may be at the point where long-term commitment or future plans are still undecided.
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Companionate Love
Components: Liking and Intimacy
Companionate love is an intimate, but non-passionate sort of love. It includes the intimacy or liking component and the commitment component of the triangle. It is stronger than friendship because there is a long-term commitment, but there is minimal or no sexual desire.
This type of love is often found in marriages where the passion has died, but the couple continues to have deep affection or a strong bond. This may also be viewed as the love between very close friends and family members.
One survey-based study involving firefighters suggests that the companionate love they have for their co-workers may reduce their risk-taking behaviors.
Fatuous Love
Components: Commitment and Passion
In this type of love, commitment and passion are presentwhile intimacy or liking is absent. Fatuous love is typified by a whirlwind courtship in which passion motivates a commitment without the stabilizing influence of intimacy. Often, witnessing this leaves others confused about how the couple could be so impulsive.
According to data collected in one piece of research, reproductive success may be greater in cases where women have fatuous love and men have empty love. However, marriages involving fatuous love often don't work out. When they do, many chalk the success up to luck.
Consummate Love
Components: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment
Consummate love is made up of all three components and is the total form of love. It represents an ideal relationship. Couples who experience this kind of love have great sex several years into their relationship.They cannot imagine themselves with anyone else.
These couples also cannot see themselves truly happy without their partners.They manage to overcome differences and face stressors together.
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According to Sternberg, consummate love may be harder to maintain than it is to achieve, as the components of love must be put into action. Without behavior and expression, passion is lost and love may revert back to the companionate type.
Why Is Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love Important?
According to Sternberg, the importance of each component of love may differ from person to person and couple to couple. All three components are required for the ideal romantic relationship, but the amount of each component required will differ from one relationship to another, or even over time within a relationship.
Knowing how the components interact may help highlight areas that may need improvement. For example, recognizing that the passion has gone out of your relationship can help you look for ways to rekindle the spark.
